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fa-fw"></i></a></div></div></nav><div id="post-info"><h1 class="post-title">文档对象模型DOM</h1><div id="post-meta"><div class="meta-firstline"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">发表于</span><time class="post-meta-date-created" datetime="2019-11-22T14:41:19.000Z" title="发表于 2019-11-22 22:41:19">2019-11-22</time><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-history fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">更新于</span><time class="post-meta-date-updated" datetime="2021-03-19T01:26:29.035Z" title="更新于 2021-03-19 09:26:29">2021-03-19</time></span><span class="post-meta-categories"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/Web%E5%89%8D%E7%AB%AF/">Web前端</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-wordcount"><i class="far fa-file-word fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">字数总计:</span><span class="word-count">1.3k</span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="far fa-clock fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读时长:</span><span>5分钟</span></span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-pv-cv" id="" data-flag-title="文档对象模型DOM"><i class="far fa-eye fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读量:</span><span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><h1 id="DOM是什么？"><a href="#DOM是什么？" class="headerlink" title="DOM是什么？"></a>DOM是什么？</h1><p>DOM，即Document Object Model，文档对象模型，用于操作HTML的编程接口。</p>
<p>它描绘了一个层次化的节点树，允许编程人员进行节点的添加、修改与删除等操作。</p>
<h1 id="DOM节点"><a href="#DOM节点" class="headerlink" title="DOM节点"></a>DOM节点</h1><p>DOM 1级定义了一个<strong>Node</strong>接口，由DOM中所有的节点实现。</p>
<p>一共有<strong>12</strong>中节点类型，其中包括<font color="#f07c82">Document、Element</font>节点类型等，可通过node.<strong>nodeType</strong>查询每个节点的类型，例如，Element的节点类型返回数值为1。</p>
<p>每一个节点都有<strong>childNodes、parentNode、previousSibling、nextSibling、firstChild、lastChild</strong>等节点查询方法。</p>
<center><img src="/%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8BDOM/node.png" class></center>

<p>还有<strong>appendChild、insertBefore、replaceChild、removeChild、cloneNode</strong>等操作节点的方法。</p>
<h2 id="Document"><a href="#Document" class="headerlink" title="Document"></a>Document</h2><p>Document节点表示整个文档。浏览器中的document是一个全局对象，表示HTML页面，是HTMLDocument对象的实例。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>document.documentElement：快速取得对html的引用。<br>document对象只有一个子节点，也就是&lt; html &gt;对象，没必要使用节点操作方法。<br>document的title、URL、domain、referrer等方法可以访问网页的标题、URL地址、域名及连接当前URL的前一URL。<br>document.getElementById()：获取指定id的元素。<br>ducument.getElementsByTagName()：获取指定标签名的元素，例如<code>var img = ducument.getElementsByTagName(&quot;img&quot;)</code>，返回一个HTMLCollection类型的实例，其中<code>img.namedItem(&quot;imgName&quot;)</code>可以返回执行name的元素。<br>ducument.getElementsByName()：获取指定name的元素集合。<br>ducument.write()与ducument.writeln()写入文档。<br>getElementsByClassName()：获取同一类的元素列表，返回NodeList。<br>document.activeElement()：获得当前焦点所在的元素，例如页面加载中，焦点所在的元素是document.body，之后变成null。<br>document.hasFocus()：判断当前文档是否获取了焦点。<br>document.readyState：”loading”正在加载文档，”complete”加载完毕。<br>document.compatMode：”CSS1Compat”渲染模式为标准，”BackCompat”渲染模式为混杂模式。<br>document.charset：查看与设置文档字符集，默认”UTF-16”。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="Element"><a href="#Element" class="headerlink" title="Element"></a>Element</h2><p>Element类型表现为HTML元素，每个HMTML元素都存在<strong>id、title、dir、className、lang</strong>属性。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>getAttribute() setAttribute()和 removeAttribute()操作属性值。</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> div = <span class="built_in">document</span>.getElementById(<span class="string">&quot;myDiv&quot;</span>); </span><br><span class="line">alert(div.getAttribute(<span class="string">&quot;id&quot;</span>)); <span class="comment">//&quot;myDiv&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">div.setAttribute(<span class="string">&quot;id&quot;</span>, <span class="string">&quot;someOtherId&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">div.removeAttribute(<span class="string">&quot;class&quot;</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>attributes属性，是表示一个元素属性的动态的集合，可通过<strong>nodeValue</strong>获取标签值。</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> id = div.attributes.getNamedItem(<span class="string">&quot;id&quot;</span>).nodeValue;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p> document.createElement()创建元素。<br><figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> div = <span class="built_in">document</span>.createElement(<span class="string">&quot;div&quot;</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="Text类型"><a href="#Text类型" class="headerlink" title="Text类型"></a>Text类型</h2><p>Text，文本节点，用于表示不含HTML标签的纯文本。包含在element类型中。</p>
<p> appendData(text)：将 text 添加到节点的末尾。<br> deleteData(offset, count)：从 offset 指定的位置开始删除 count 个字符。<br> insertData(offset, text)：在 offset 指定的位置插入 text。<br> replaceData(offset, count, text)：用 text 替换从 offset 指定的位置开始到 offset+ count 为止处的文本。<br> splitText(offset)：从 offset 指定的位置将当前文本节点分成两个文本节点。<br> substringData(offset, count)：提取从 offset 指定的位置开始到 offset+count 为止处的字符串。</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;!-- 没有内容，也就没有文本节点 --&gt; </span><br><span class="line">&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&lt;!-- 有空格，因而有一个文本节点 --&gt; </span><br><span class="line">&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&lt;!-- 有内容，因而有一个文本节点 --&gt; </span><br><span class="line">&lt;div&gt;Hello World!&lt;/div&gt;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 取得div的文本节点，并修改其值</span></span><br><span class="line">div.firstChild.nodeValue = <span class="string">&quot;Some other message&quot;</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>document.createTextNode()创建新文本节点。</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> element = <span class="built_in">document</span>.createElement(<span class="string">&quot;div&quot;</span>); </span><br><span class="line">element.className = <span class="string">&quot;message&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> textNode = <span class="built_in">document</span>.createTextNode(<span class="string">&quot;Hello world!&quot;</span>); </span><br><span class="line">element.appendChild(textNode);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">document</span>.body.appendChild(element);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="DOM操作技术"><a href="#DOM操作技术" class="headerlink" title="DOM操作技术"></a>DOM操作技术</h1><h2 id="动态脚本"><a href="#动态脚本" class="headerlink" title="动态脚本"></a>动态脚本</h2><p>可以通过<font color="#f07c82">doucument.createElement()</font>方法实现动态script代码的引入或创建。<br><figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> script = <span class="built_in">document</span>.createElement(<span class="string">&quot;javascript&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">script.type = <span class="string">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">script.src = <span class="string">&quot;client.js&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">document</span>.body.appendChild(script);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>或者可以通过自定义代码的方式调用</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">loadScriptString</span>(<span class="params">code</span>)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">var</span> script = <span class="built_in">document</span>.createElement(<span class="string">&quot;script&quot;</span>); script.type = <span class="string">&quot;text javascript&quot;</span>; </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        script.appendChild(<span class="built_in">document</span>.createTextNode(code)); </span><br><span class="line">    &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (ex)&#123; </span><br><span class="line">        script.text = code; </span><br><span class="line">    &#125; </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">document</span>.body.appendChild(script); </span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">loadScriptString(<span class="string">&quot;function sayHi()&#123;alert(&#x27;hi&#x27;);&#125;&quot;</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="动态样式"><a href="#动态样式" class="headerlink" title="动态样式"></a>动态样式</h2><p>CSS样式可以通过<font color="#f07c82">style</font>属性或元素嵌入样式，或者可以通过&lt; link &gt;引入CSS外部文件。</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;link rel=<span class="string">&quot;stylesheet&quot;</span> type=<span class="string">&quot;text/css&quot;</span> href=<span class="string">&quot;index.css&quot;</span>&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>与动态script一样的原理，可以通过实现样式的动态添加。</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> link = <span class="built_in">document</span>.createElement(<span class="string">&quot;link&quot;</span>); </span><br><span class="line">link.rel = <span class="string">&quot;stylesheet&quot;</span>; </span><br><span class="line">link.type = <span class="string">&quot;text/css&quot;</span>; </span><br><span class="line">link.href = <span class="string">&quot;style.css&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> head = <span class="built_in">document</span>.getElementsByTagName(<span class="string">&quot;head&quot;</span>)[<span class="number">0</span>]; </span><br><span class="line">head.appendChild(link);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>或者可以通过自定义代码的方式调用</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> style = <span class="built_in">document</span>.createElement(<span class="string">&quot;style&quot;</span>); </span><br><span class="line">style.type = <span class="string">&quot;text/css&quot;</span>; </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    style.appendChild(<span class="built_in">document</span>.createTextNode(<span class="string">&quot;body&#123;background-color:red&#125;&quot;</span>)); </span><br><span class="line">&#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (ex)&#123; </span><br><span class="line">    style.styleSheet.cssText = <span class="string">&quot;body&#123;background-color:red&#125;&quot;</span>; </span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> head = <span class="built_in">document</span>.getElementsByTagName(<span class="string">&quot;head&quot;</span>)[<span class="number">0</span>];</span><br><span class="line">head.appendChild(style);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="DOM扩展"><a href="#DOM扩展" class="headerlink" title="DOM扩展"></a>DOM扩展</h1><h2 id="选择符"><a href="#选择符" class="headerlink" title="选择符"></a>选择符</h2><ol>
<li><font color="#f07c82">querySelector()与querySelectorAll()</font>方法。</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>querySelector()<br><figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//取得 body 元素</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> body = <span class="built_in">document</span>.querySelector(<span class="string">&quot;body&quot;</span>); </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//取得 ID 为&quot;myDiv&quot;的元素</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> myDiv = <span class="built_in">document</span>.querySelector(<span class="string">&quot;#myDiv&quot;</span>); </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//取得类为&quot;selected&quot;的第一个元素</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> selected = <span class="built_in">document</span>.querySelector(<span class="string">&quot;.selected&quot;</span>); </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//取得类为&quot;button&quot;的第一个图像元素</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> img = <span class="built_in">document</span>.body.querySelector(<span class="string">&quot;img.button&quot;</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>querySelectorAll()<br><figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//取得某&lt;div&gt;中的所有&lt;em&gt;元素（类似于 getElementsByTagName(&quot;em&quot;)） </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> ems = <span class="built_in">document</span>.getElementById(<span class="string">&quot;myDiv&quot;</span>).querySelectorAll(<span class="string">&quot;em&quot;</span>); </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//取得类为&quot;selected&quot;的所有元素</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> selecteds = <span class="built_in">document</span>.querySelectorAll(<span class="string">&quot;.selected&quot;</span>); </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//取得所有&lt;p&gt;元素中的所有&lt;strong&gt;元素</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> strongs = <span class="built_in">document</span>.querySelectorAll(<span class="string">&quot;p strong&quot;</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
</blockquote>
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class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Text%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">Text类型</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#DOM%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">DOM操作技术</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%84%9A%E6%9C%AC"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">动态脚本</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E6%A0%B7%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">动态样式</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#DOM%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">DOM扩展</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" 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